The problem:  A superpower India is a threat to the Persian Gulf countries?

The Political actor: Superpower India

The Institutions:  SARC organisation – Persian Gulf Cooperation Council – UN – OPEC

Physical Environment:  India – Persian Gulf – Pakistan – Iran – Iraq – Kuwait – Saudi Arabia – Bahrain – Qatar – USE – Oman Sea – Indian Ocean 

Other political Actors:   China – Russia – USA – Egypt – Israel- EU

Emerging Superpower India Estimation arise when some characters like world’s second population, long – high - continuous economic development rate with the guesses to be fourth world economy power by 2025, a developing military capacity and soft power like space technology, Atomic… were available.

A superpower is a self-stand and strong power with an own international policy and national interests… But now India cannot reach to this point when it lost its independent in international policy by signing “123” treaty with U.S.A in 2005. Thus India downgrades itself as second hand power and with this move it just evaluates as partner for US policy at last. Therefor increasing Indian interference in world process will consider as a part of India’s role in whole US policy toward others.

Superpower supposed to has an exact national and world interests but India based on “123” treaty committed to US to behave properly and the US Ministry of State should report India progress annually so as it is clear India a last will be an active ally for US.

But if India appears as independent superpower it will make some problem for Persian Gulf countries. India’s economy depends to Persian Gulf’s energy and market so same as US, India will impose its policies to them and will interfere in these countries internal affairs. Large amount of Indian who lives in these countries with addition of hard and soft Indian power’s capacity will help it in this regards.

As history also shows, Indian power appearance in this region will be as partner along with world power like US and its rivals like Pakistan and China will balance Indian role. Also Israel and Egypt will play their roles.

Course:

  Research Methodologies and Methods
by: Dr. Mohammad Samiei

Article by:

Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi - M.A Student in Indian Studies

Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran

1391/12/19

+ نوشته شده در شنبه نوزدهم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 13:25 شماره پست: 256

India re-berthed when it changed in its investments policy act in 1990s and starts its new paradigm by taking this economic stop. Indian policy Makers with opening door to foreign and privet sector’s investment, made a revolutionary decision to opening India’s market to investment. It bring high rate of economic growing for India and son after, India tastes high growing economic rate and put itself among the world fastest in this regard after it.

Therefor a moving forward is shown its brightness rays for this semi-poor country that indicate better future for them. Moving from traditionalism to modernism, from poverty to development… characterise a transitional movement for Indian society but you can see now, sadness for poors and cheerfulness for riches… are together available there.

Foreign investment and privatizing economy and joining to world’s free market bloc, although it  bring so many job opportunities and growing rate for them, but internally the distance between majority poor and the minority rich is became very vast and dangerously big and big, so some experts predict a clash between Indian poor and rich class in future gradually, when they became full awareness that most of Indian economic revenue goes to some peoples pocket directly and make them poor and poor.

Some nation-wide private companies like Godrige, kingfisher, Mahindra, TCI… came to exist and today they covered Indian market and they aiming international market also as next step and India is going to back to its glorious period when in seventh century was a hub for world trading.

Apart of Indian poor and rich community, a growing middle class community have been emerged since new paradigm starts. Most of them live in urban area and they feel a kind of satisfaction with receiving good life standard in between. Most of them are involving in governmental, service, education and industrial sectors. Using suitable accommodation, commute service, education and entertainment that they enjoy of it during a city style of life is a main character for their life. Another character of middle class is a family style that involves mother and father and two children. They work all the day and enjoy night club at night.

Take technology as servant to lift society upward, English language as helper to joint to English speaking developed countries by an English Speaker Middle Class, help Indian economy to improve itself  well.    

But this is a fact that Indian economy nowadays is in the hand of big companies owners that make a privatized club with its limited billionaire’s members. Although Indian service and industrial sectors had been tested a big growing rate in its GDP, but agricultural sector is mobilizing a big rate of Indian society now and near 67% of Indian population live in rural area and most of them are active in agriculture sector.

The most awful face of Indian economic system was shown its ugly face in Agrarian sector in 2007 when about 12000 agricultural engaged people, who committed to suicide to escape from their endless problems. A hopeless and helpless people that cannot find any escape opening from the situation that they trapped in. they are going to lose all their properties because of the loans that they took from the bank system and now possibility of return it back is zero. Land less people is another problem for a large number of the people who live in rural India when agricultural land is the single most important resource and form of property and it is not equally distributed among people.

Growing India economy found itself wake and its problems came to surface when the Persian Gulf War was happened and need to this region’s energy resources that affected by war and made it very expensive, lead India to find new energy resources in some new area like Russia and African territories, now Indian oil companies are looking to give variety to Indian energy resource.

Opening Indian door to overseer’s capital and its direct and indirect investment and also Indian activity to occupy international market in the shape of “call centres” as cheap service provider for developed countries like US and production of software for big international companies like Google and Yahoo… give Indian an opportunity to bring outsources money to inside, an amount of billions dollars that will help Indian economy to invest in software and became one of the a biggest software producer in the world. Now Bangalore and Hyderabad in south of India is very famous for these kind of activity in the world.

 India is one of the important Cotton producer in the world now try to use this ability to change it to a usable good like cloths and became as cotton-cloths exporter to importer countries. Although India For centuries was a major manufacturer and exporter of hand-made cloth, cotton based and silk but long colonial system changed their production style and reduce Indian role in this regard but colonial system open European market to Indian products and now European are very familiar to Indian goods and it is the base for occupying European market by Indian.

The link between Indian big companies with their counterpart in developed countries is bringing big contracts for them and also a new market and high technology for them. So any big economy or industrial player in India has looking a partner in developed countries like the link between Indian TATA Company and US industries.                

But all growing rates in Indian economy and it liberalized economy don’t solve all the problems and now it suffering from unemployment, poverty, low standard of living, illiteracy, corruption, separation movements, terrorism, crime, social problems… in economic sectors this liberalizing make so many problem for them.

Unemployment among educated class as the film highlighted in the life of Miss Sima Malik a Kolkata’s girl that has Bachelor of Commerce degree with 3$ salary per a day and addition of so many social problems that took her marriage opportunities. This in a problem in a big city like Kolkata that working and living there is a hope for a lot of Indian and you can imagine what is going on in about 600000 Indian villages for some girls like sima who suffer more problems.

But you can see the ray of hope in the eyes of the Indian child who loves mathematic subjects and he hope to be a pilot in future in this films, a boy who suffer to have an addiction drinker father. Indian work a lot to change their situation and their noble leader class and civil service governmental class use all their efforts to gain high rate of growing and industrialize their country and take help from technology to improve and mobilize their people’s potential. So India evaluated as moving forward country that suffer big problem. The challenges that invite the Indian policy makers to a hard battlefield that nobody knows what will happened in future.

Course:

  Social Structure of India

by: Dr. Heshmat Sadat Moinifar

Occasional paper on a film Review

By:  Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi

M.A Student in Indian Studies

Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran                         

Separation Movement In India جدایی طلبی در هند

+ نوشته شده در یکشنبه سیزدهم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 16:11 شماره پست: 254

In the name of God the most compassion and the merciful

Introduction:

Though India emerged as regional power in Asia and now in the world, but Indian Separation movements makes the biggest democracy in the world as unstable unit during last six decades and its ethnical, religion or cultural minorities groups support separation movements that impact the sovereignty of India. these show its hard face during & after India independence of British rule in 1947, when two big Muslim populated lands (today are known as Pakistan and Bangladesh) were separated from it, But it didn’t finish and others separation movement were starting their effort and some of them are going on till now.

Apart of two main external threats, Separationists issue is the most challenge and trouble-maker for Indian leaders for last six decades. India’s national security is affected and threated by this huge problem. In this field India’s internal and external side is very close to each other’s [1]. India is facing with two big and active outsider players like China and Pakistan that, its internal security in somehow related to them relatively.

 But it is clear that Separation movement most of the time is related to a minority’s feeling of no satisfaction among a majority, its excuses are rooted in feeling of discrimination in the field of cultural, ethnical, religious, political, economic.... Their goal is in the form of demanding full political separation, seeking greater autonomy, independence, self-determination, partition…  

Maoists separation movement:

Naxalites separation movement is vast movement that separated in a large number of Indian states. The Naxalites (Maoists) are the vast variety of left-wing militancy groups who are active in the region named "Red Corridor" the stretched area from West Bengal state in North East to Karnataka state in the South West. They are active across 220 districts out of 655 in two third of Indian states (20 out of 30). They are occupied or affected about 40% of India’s territories by their operation. Growing Naxalites operations in major urban centres, including New Delhi and other major cities as well as rural area especially, year by year, is going to make them as “the most serious internal threat to India's national security” as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh cautioned it in 2007, alarm security belles in India. Based on Indian intelligence reports Naxalites guerrillas are estimated 20,000 armed rebels and include 50,000 regular or fulltime organizers and mobilizers, with the numbers growing. Therefor Naxalites military operations make India’s securities organisation out of effective reaction for last one decade.

Seven Sisters separation movement:

The “Seven Sisters” are including Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. These states are located on the edge of north eastern of Indian borders. These peoples have meaningful different in field of ethnical and linguistically from the rest of Indian. A large number of armed groups are active there and some of them seek separate states, some fighting for autonomy and others demanding complete independence.

Assam  

 Assam separation movement looking for ‘’Bodoland’’ state, its military wing are ‘’United Liberation Front of Assam’’ (ULFA) and ‘’Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam’’ and ‘’National Democratic Front of Bodoland’’ Assam is one of important state in this regard that its militancy activation is back long time ago, it separation eruption at the time of prime ministerial of late Indira Gandhi was show it hard face when ULFA start its movement. ULFA has been in the forefront of a liberation struggle since 1979. Although ULFA is the main but two dozen other militant groups also were active there, some report says that over 10,000 people have lost their lives and thousand have been displaced during the last 25 years.

Meghalaya

 The divide between the tribal and non-tribal settlers is the cause of the trouble in Meghalaya. Like other states in the region there is a demand for independence along tribal lines. The Achik National Volunteer Council has followed since 1995 the formation of an Achik Land in the Caro Hills, whereas the Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council seeks to free the state from Garo domination.

Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh separation movement that seeking establish of the pre-British ‘’Teola country’’, that would include area currently in Arunachal Pradesh as well as neighbouring Assam. the group that politically is active in this regard is ‘’ All Hajong Chakma Homeland Movement’’ and its military group is ‘’Arunachal Dragon Force’’ that is a forceful secessionist movement fighting to fund autonomous area of ‘’Hajong Chakma Homeland’’.

Mizoram

Mizoram separation movement that Proposed state of ‘’Zozam’’ the groups like ‘’Zomi Revolutionary Organization’’ and ‘’Mizoram Farmers Liberation Force’’ are active in this way. Mizoram's tensions have arisen largely due to the Assamese domination and the neglect of the Mizo people by India. In 1986, the main secessionist movement led by the Mizo National Front ended after a peace accord, bringing peace to the region. However, secessionist demands by some groups continue to insist on an independent Hmar State. 

Nagaland

 Nagaland separation movement is fighting for establishing of ‘’Nagalim’’ or ‘’People's Republic of Nagaland’’. In this regard they have a Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland in exile ‘’National Socialist Council of Nagaland’’ as an active militant group can name in this respect. Nagaland was created in 1963 as 16th state of Indian Union by parts it from Assam. It separation movement is one of the oldest in India since 1947 and it demanding full independence. This area is occupied by a variety of tribes, ethnicities, cultures and religion. Around 400 tribes or sub tribes leaves there and most of them seeking a separate homeland. The area is rich in oil reserves worth billions dollers. Thousands have died since the insurgency began. 

Manipur

Manipur separation movement that targets establishing of ‘’Republic of Manipur’’ the militant groups that are active in this regard are ‘’ Hmar People's Convention–Democrat’’ and ‘’Manipur People’s Liberation Front’’ and ‘’United National Liberation Front’’ and ‘’Revolutionary People's Front of Manipur’’ and ‘’People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak’’. Independence Manipur has been actively followed by several rebel groups since 1964. Many socialist groups are active there and people’s participation in this field is high. 

Tripura

 The ethnic tensions and also the Bengali immigrants matter after the 1971 war from one side and unattached culture of this region’s people with Indian side and building of a fence by the government along the Bangladesh border that led to a rebellion in the 1970s… make very harsh living conditions for thousands of homeless refugees there. The National Liberation Front of Tripura and the All Tripura Tiger Force demand kicking out of Bengali speaking immigrants.

Tamil Nadu separation movements:

Tamils separation movement is trying to establish a Tamil populated country. Liberation Tamil Tiger Eelam (LTTE) ‘s movement that was backed by Indian side  for Tamil freedom in Sri Lanka took access to Indian side that have common ethnicity, religion, language and culture And attracted mass support for their foundation. By developing of anti-India and pro-secessionist sentiment in Tamil Nadu at India side, independence movement raised. Tamil see that a part from a common religion (Hinduism), they have nothing common with the centre. So they said if Nepal can have an independent existence as a Hindu state next to India why Tamil Nadu cannot?

Sikhes’s separation movement:

Punjab separation movement as one of the big fights in the north of India near disputed Kashmir area, Proposed funding state of ‘’Khalistan’’ a country for Sikhs people, that point Punjab state in India and Pakistan, one of the most developed and riche state in the agricultural, industry and culture. The Sikh community as influential community has had long struggle against the Hindu domination. they feel that they betrayal by the central government at the time of partition in 1947 and India’s promise for their autonomy was put away after independent of India. So at Indira Gandhi prime mistrial, it came to be a military clash between the Sikh militant groups and central government and ultimately war came to the Golden Temple, in 1981, where an estimated 3000 people, including a large number of pilgrims, died. This pick war was ended in a military victory but a political disaster for Indira Gandhi. Soon afterwards in 1984, she was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards and this in turn led to a general massacre of the Sikhs across India. Although the situation has returned to normal, the Sikh community has not forgiven the Hindus for this violation and tensions continue. The demand for Khalistan is still alive and about 17 movements for a separate Sikh state remain active.

Kashmir separation movement:

 Kashmir Separation movement is seeking Independent Kashmir state or attending to Pakistan. In this movement two kind of Political and military organisations are involve. ‘’All Parties Hurriyat Conference’’, ‘’Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)’’… as political and ‘’Harkat-ul-mujahideen’’, ‘’Jaish-e-Mohammad’’, ‘’Lashkar-e-Toiba’’… as military group. The Kashmir issue is return to the time of separation India and Pakistan and for more than six decades, it is going to be alive and it passed several phases. It arose when India occupied of predominantly Muslim state forcibly against the wishes of its people and in ruin of the principle of partition of British India. A struggle for independence the valley of Kashmir has been started since then and hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives or disappeared and international efforts and The resolutions of the UN Security Council that have called for demilitarization of the valley and holding of referendum to determine the will of the people don’t work, so the issue is continuing till now.

Andrea pradesh separation movement:

 Andréa Pradesh Separation movement Muslim populated area had tried to have a Muslim country like Pakistan in south of India but it became control by India after its start but no based on some others factor, Andrea’s people fighting for separation state of Telangana.

Conclution:

Several internal war that India was facing all corner of its territories after independent, and following Killing of large number of its people, destroyed its friendly face among other nation fairly, and now with the rising of India military power its neighbours are showing India phobia and internally some say that India is at war with itself [2]. This situation seriously threaten India’ stability and has bad effect on its democracy. But the most dangerous scenario will be the clash of poor and rich that estimation of its happening is guesstimate. Even though India over came on some internal problem like Khalistan movement but some others are going to be more stronger like Naxalites movement and the potential of re-eruption of some is very high So as it clear India has been faced with so money internal challenges that it should be add to some new challenge that estimation of its happening is high, like clash of rich and poor classes and adding not sufficient unification among Indian as one nation and also interfere of outside hand like US, can put India on turmoil in future. 

India hard response to the minorities that are include in separations movement that is shows itself in the face of giving un-limited power backed by law to its security-military forces that involve in affected area, and cruel action by them toward innocent and common people like killing them and rap their women… in somehow encourage minority to follow their goal strongly resent case in Kashmir is good example for it. Doing any things in the name of combating terrorism have very bad effect on minority viewpoint toward India government. 

Reference:

1-      ‘’There was little distinction between internal security and external security and identified the internal security challenges as having ‘some roots outside India and (is) linked to what happens outside the country’’ Indian Finance Minister (former home minister) , Shri P. Chidambaram on February 6, 2013 - http://www.idsa.in/keyspeeches/IndiasNationalSecurityChallengesandPrioritie

2-      Suhas Chakma, Director of the Asian Centre for Human Rights in New Delhi

3-      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Nadu

4-      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India

5-      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession

6-      http://muse.jhu.edu

7-      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir

8-      http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100110/International/int_01.html

9-      http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4359549

10-   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_(Yasin_Malik)

11-   http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/129734-fight-against-terror-must-co-exist-with-federalism.html

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA

Course:

  Politic and Governing in India
by: Dr. Mandana Tesheyar

Article by  :    Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi

M.A Student in Indian Studies

Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran 

  1391/12/13

 + نوشته شده در شنبه نوزدهم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 13:15 شماره پست: 255   

Democracy What is  

“Democracy is a government of the people, for the people, by the people.”[1]

 long-time men kind experience finds Democracy as best way to rule the societies, so approach to this way of ruling system is going to be domain in the world and nowadays spectrum of dictatorship ruling systems from one side and semi-real democracy [2] on the other side accept and recognize democracy as excellent and the good valuable way of ruling and so they name himself democrat and their systems democratic. But the first question is what democracy is?

Democracy is a system of ruling, that people’s wills are at the core and centre of any decision making and all the decision are taken by people’s representatives who directly or non-directly chosen by the people via a democratic elections. Democracy is a system of governing and also a social philosophy [3] that every member of society has equalled right in society’s resource, opportunities, decision-making (about economic-political-social). This system provides a situation that some elected representatives of society in the behalf of rest, rule society for exact duration of time. Law has a very major and significant rule to regulate all aspects of individual and general process. All eligible citizens have a share to interfere directly (in the shape of referendum) and indirectly (by elect their representative) in the law making also. Self-determination reflects as vast and fundamental right for every member of society regardless of their class, gender, ethnic, religion… and bases on this conception other rules and laws are come to exist and practise. In other word, democracy means peoples rule, and in this respect is against Monarchy (dictatorship of one person, elites or majority) or oligarchy (dictatorship of a small group). In this school of thought, Power is consider as corrupt-maker and human with this way of ruling wants to control it, and lead it in the sorts of mechanism that power will divide in between some society’s representatives with a classified duties and also responsibilities. These society’s representatives appointed in determinate-duration that it can be extendable or fishable. So Democracy is one of a common outcome of long time humankind experience and life. They find it the most useful and effective in humankind salvation seeking in world’s human interaction mechanism till now.

 As result democracy is a common accepted concept of so many political approaches, and we see democracy as common part of deferent kind of world political school of thought, like liberal democracy, social democracy, constitutional monarchy democracy, religion base democracy… so we can see democracy in deferent kind in deferent levels and also deferent definitions of democracy is available, but with some common foundations defined. Although Democracy has some weak and strong point that One of them is possibility of “Majority dictatorship” against “minority” that if the “check and balance system” that offer by Mr Montesquieu working well these can be solve comparatively also.

“Why India is calls as begets democracy in the world?”

First of all we can say that with this image-making and evaluation, the world recognises India as democracy system and it is relatively true, because most of the necessary elements that need for a democratic system is available there to show India democratic.

 Some factors like local, state and national changeable government by cast of people vote and elections, recognized multi parties system, suitable ruling structure, elected parliament’s members, strong and semi-freedom and verified mass media, Law and semi-Lawful process, independent judiciary system, levelled democratic layers from top to down level of society, defined limitation and framework of every posts in state and federal and local duties and their responsibility, capacity of changing and handing over power peacefully during the time, recognized lawful democratic action like right of demonstrate and street march by people by law and in practice, recognized right of having social and political syndicate and groups by law and in practice…

So world can see duration of practice democracy in India with the diversity of nations, casts, religions, cultures, ethnics, in somehow history also… and any excuse like war, riot, and powerful overseas and regional enemies don’t had a meaningful effect in this regards and didn’t stop democracy process there, and relatively majority and minority have exact right there. This semi-poor nation doesn’t put election practice away because of it costly process in the vast and in somehow unreachable area, so we can see that although the last general election in 2009 costs more than USA presidential election near one billion dollars for example, They didn’t stop their democracy process and they had repeated these costly elections till now perfectly.      

 Although long India National Congress (INC) ruling over this country maybe says that, it has experienced one-party dominion system before and after independent, but it had and has large number of small and big local and national parties. India is known as multi parties, parliamentary, federal and social democracy. Indian people directly choose their representative in Panchayat [4] and Municipal elections in local level and state level and also national parliament. So Indian have direct role in choosing their society runner in local and national level and a kind of effective and relatively democratic way of ruling is going on in this country.

Indian’s toleration is as an example in the world. In political performance level it can tolerate a foreigner ruler over a biggest and old parry so now Miss Sonia Gandhi [5] as an Italian women can takes ruling INC as well as ruling coalition of political parties called the “United Progressive Alliance” (UPA), was able to gain a majority and forms the government.

India has 35 states and territories that at its local, state and national level, power is divided between local, state and national parties so you cannot find any moment in the more than 60 years after India independent’s history that power in all level gathered in the hand of one party, so every time, also small parties find opportunity to have a share in power, somewhere in local or national level and based on their representation in parliaments can take share in power. So Indian democracy make and prepare appropriate opportunity for independent persons,  local and national parties members as well as two big parties like BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and INC nominee members to show their weight in any levels to taste democracy capacities. 

 India’s democracy have a capacity to tolerate a big and all India level anti-corruption movement that one person mobilize it to force prime minister of India and Indian national parliament at the end of day to take action towered corruption by pass a Law. Mr Anna Hazare’s [6] resent movement is a good example in this regard.

 India considers as biggest democracy in the world, because of two reasons in one hand India is known as second must populated country in the world after China and so because China has no democracy foundation so India will be the most populated democratic country in the world. Secondly India is seventh biggest country in the world (with 3,166,414 KM2 after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia) so in this regard also is one of the tenth biggest in the world. So in time of elections vast number of people comes to cast their vote in the one of the world most costly election that this poor people pay it to safeguard their right. 

 India’s symbolic and practical Icons of democracy are its parliaments that’s name it “Lok Sabha” as the "House of the People" or the lower house, that it has 545 members, Most of them are elect by people’s direct vote. Upper house or “Rajya Sabha” known as "Council of States”, that can have a maximum of 250 members. And “Vidhan Sabha” as state legislatures, and based on people willing the government can change at least every 5 years. Indian can cast their vote toward three kinds of candidates, A) candidates that belong to main two-parties (BJP or INC)    B) candidates that come to election under the flag of local parties    C) independents candidates.

And although there are many critical problems that need to be solved in the India democracy performance, but we can elaborate India as marching ahead and progressive democratic country.

References:

1-       Abraham Lincoln quotes

2-       Pure democracy with all of its characters is not available in the world

3-       Foundations of Political science page 297

4-       Local self-governments at the village or small town level in India. The gram panchayat is the foundation of the Panchayat System.

5-       Miss Sonia Gandhi born Edvige Antonia Albina Maino, on 9 December 1946 is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to the Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress.  Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party.

6-       Kisan Baburao Hazare born on 15 June 1937, is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish official corruption. In addition to organizing and encouraging grassroots movements, Hazare frequently conducted hunger strikes to further his causes—a tactic reminiscent, to many, of the work of Mohandas K. Gandhi.

Course:

  Politic and Governing in India
by: Dr. Mandana Tesheyar

Article by :  Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi

M.A Student in Indian Studies

Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran     

 1391/12/5

+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه هفتم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 11:12 شماره پست: 251

In the name of God the most compassion and the merciful

 Introduction:

 Political structure is considered as one of the most significant part of any social construction. We can say in developed societies Political structure gives direction to social path and it shows their developing level among the others. In first look every nation is evaluated with this factor, that which kind of political arrangement they provide for himself and how they are ruling or how their moving forward is. In my opinion there is a direct relation between political structure and social salvation. I mean the nations who suffering bad political structure they experience worse condition in most aspects of their life. As result, political structure is determining now and future condition of any social living and their successfulness is depending on their political structure and its working process.

 1-             What is politic?

 Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions, the art or science of running governmental or state affairs. It also refers to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in other group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power and refers to the regulation of public affairs within a political unit, and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy. [1]  2-             What is political structure?  Political structure refers to institutions or groups and their relations to each other, their patterns of interaction within political systems and to political regulations, laws and the norms present in political systems in such a way that they constitute the political landscape of the political entity. In the social domain its counterpart is Social structure. [2]

 3-             How Indian involve in politics:

 Indian people involve in politic by own decision and their involvement will be possible when they inter in one of political unit like a political party. It has a formal process that starts with a formal request in the shape of fill in a membership form and after clearance and acceptation it continues by paying membership fee.

 4-             Indian political structures:

 India as political unit is shapes by two kind of political institutions: a)    governmental units b)    non – governmental units

 5-             Indian political structures (Geographically):

 India geographically divided to 30 states [3] and six independent territories [4] that rule by a Federal government at the centre and local governments in states.

 6-             Indian political structures (Governmentally):

 India as federal, parliamentary, secular, democratic, social, multiparty, constitutional republic system has three level of governments, central and state governments and local that is the third level of government separately from central and state governments. It contains of panchayats in rural and municipalities in urban areas. These people representatives are electing directly or indirectly by the Indian people. The central government is runs by prime minister [5] now is Mr Manmohan Singh that appointed by lower house or the Parliament of India (लोक सभा Lōk Sabhā). The central cabinet including 53 Ministers is appointed by prime minister and approved by lok sabha. Prime minister is responsible to lok sabha. They enjoy states governments and in every state they have a state government that runs by a Chief minster [6]. Chief Minister appointed by state parliament or the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha विधान सभा). The States Chief Ministers are responsible to their state Legislative Assembly and state’s cabinet is choosing by Chief Ministers and also approved by their state Legislative Assembly.  Apart of government, India has a president (भारत के राष्ट्रपति) [7] also, that she/he is head of India as Nation-state and formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India and the  commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The president is nominate by central government and selected by Indian parliament (Lōk Sabhā + rajya sabha + Vidhan Sabha) and she/he is the first official and constitutional person in India. The president has a governor [6] in every state. Vice President is another important post in Indian political system that is Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States or राज्य सभा). The Vice-President is chosen by a direct vote of all elected members of the lower and upper house collectively. Rajya Sabha or upper house has 250 members and every 2 years 1/3 of the total members are electing for 6 years term. Now Mr Mohammad Hamid Ansari [8] is the Vice president of India.  Now central government is leading by UPA (United Progressive Alliance) with the heading of INC (India National Congress Party). UPA is heading by Miss Sonya Gandhi (INC leader) and the opposition is leading by NDA (National Democratic Alliance) alliance is leading by BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party).

7-              Indian political structures (Non-Governmental units):

 Election factor is the main motivation for political groups to come and emerge in political stages that is take place in three level of general election at country level for lok sabha (people’s house) and state’s level for Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) or local level in Panchyats [9] elections in village or municipals in cities. So as it clears power is divided and levelled from small societies to high level at central government. Indian Political structure defined a suitable system based on social, democratic, federal, secular, pluralism values. It provided huge participant of his citizen in this sharing power at all level. Indian people can choose their leader from top to down directly or indirectly. There are a lot of non-governmental unit in India that involve in political process and they facilitate people’s political practice. Political parties that include a variety of national, states, regional, local parties… are available there and they play big role in this regards. India as multi-party system at the same time also enjoy two polar party system and the domination of INC and BJP in political battle field with the help of other parties is going on and now is show itself in the shape of coalitions.

 Now India has six national parties like: [10]

1-India national Congress (INC)       2- Bharatiya Janata Partty (BJP)     3- Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)       4- Communist Party of India (Marxist) 5- Communist Party of India (CPI)           6- Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) Election Commission of India has registered 408 political parties [11] that some of them known as state parties [12]. Apart of vast variety of Indian political parties, large numbers of NGOs, Syndicates, Organisations, Students unions, Social groups also are active in large scale of subjects and fields.

 Conclusion:

 Political Structure is considering as one of the most important factor for evaluation every nation’s social development now. Indian political system is one of the developed political systems in the world.  India recognized as biggest democracy in the world and in this regard it has respected and admired by so many world’s leaders. This system is work properly and now some Indian political system like election process and structures is suggested for other counters and the latest one is Egypt that after Mubarak election is suggested to be practical by the help of Indian system.

   Reference:

 1-    http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/politic
2-    http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/political+structure
 3-    1- Andhra Pradesh 2- Arunachal Pradesh 3– Assam 4– Bihar 5– Chhattisgarh 6- Delhi 7– Goa 8- Gujarat 9- Haryana 10- Himachal Pradesh 11- Jammu & Kashmir 12- Jharkhand 13- Karnataka 14- Kerala 15- Madhya Pradesh 16- Maharashtra 17– Manipur 18– Meghalaya 19– Mizoram 20– Nagaland 21– Orissa 22– Punjab 23–Rajasthan 24– Sikkim 25- Tamil Nadu 26– Tripura 27– Uttarakhand   29- Uttar Pradesh  30- West Bengal
4-    1- Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2-  Chandigarh 3- Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4- Daman and Diu 5– Lakshadweep 6– Puducherry
5-    Mr Manmohan Singh is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. A renowned economist, he is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term, and the first Sikh to hold the office. Born: September 26, 1932 (age 80) in Gah. Height: 5' 9" (1.75 m).  Spouse: Gursharan Kaur (m. 1958). Education: St John's College, Cambridge (1956 – 1957), Children: Amrit Singh, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh

Social Structure of India
Course by: Dr. Heshmat Sadat Moinifar

Article by : Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi

M.A Student in : Indian studies 

Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran

 + نوشته شده در دوشنبه سی ام بهمن ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 11:46 شماره پست: 248

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