مصطفوی
In the Name of GOD
Documentary films made by professional artists, attract and catch the viewer’s minds, so during film-watching, taking its detail and complexity would became harder, because it invites observers to go through a wonderful sightseeing that is serried in a line artistically one by one. It bombards your mentality with galore meaningful pictures and colours.
On the other hand, viewer’s mind is shifting between amazing visual collected short film plans that plummets your eyes from one subject to another, and whole performance directs you in a certain way. Also the marvellous narration provided in such film take your attention to where the producer planed and makes it hard to understand and evaluate it in an objective way. So by going through a film once, you cannot achieve a suitable outcome.
Also the BBC, British Broadcasting Centre, as a professional which has some interests in U.K ex-colonialized areas, is more mischievous than other such companies in this regard. But one has to confess that finding their covert agendas needs conversance and more data, because their hidden agenda takes shelter under complexes artistic techniques.
One of the cases that the director of this documentary film obviously tries to uncover, as it described, is the economic division among Indian social classes and the discrimination which is going on in India’s new born society. It was the subject that takes part among highlighted subjects by the producers in a good and artistic manner. Big division between riches and poor classes in new India has brought the inequality rate of society enjoyment over the huge new wealth of India, under question, especially in India’s healthcare’s field that the government of India allocates very small part of its GDP to this essential sector (1). Therefor High standard hospital that are provided by the privet sector (2) in India are at the service of a small quantity of rich Indian people, because of high cost it doesn’t allow others to take service from them and very low standard and unequipped therapeutic centres shared by the rest of Indians is their only place for treatment.
While old India radically was trapped in a social discrimination in the shape of religious traditions that expressed itself in the “Cast System” law, now the new born India is suffering from social and economic disorder which both of them brings discrimination for their society. The casting system which had to be removed by the new Indian revolutionary constitution, which came to practice after independent in 1950s (3), and it forbade practice casting system at all levels, have not been practically removed till now and it plays its role in political as well as social Indian parts. New born India faced high rate of economic development but the discrimination to share development’s income also added to their problems.
As result of this change of economic paradigm, that happened by investment law reforms in 1990s, a small rich community who are going to be rich and richer, and a vast community that is going to be poor and penny less is emerging. The fruits of economic developing are going to the avaricious rich men’s pocket and its side effects like unemployment and etc. is for the lower classes.
So a part of India’s society find themselves support less. Nowadays so many social movements are active all around this country and they are fighting for their fundamental rights and separatist see this situation to use it for their own favour. The Naxalites (Maoists) are the best example in this regards the vast variety of left-wing militancy groups who are active in the region named "Red Corridor" (4), the stretched area from West Bengal state in North East to Karnataka state in the South West. They are active across 220 districts out of 655 in two third of Indian states (20 out of 30) and occupy or effect about 40% of India’s territories by their operations.
Growing Naxalites operations in major urban centres including New Delhi and other major cities as well as rural area especially, year by year, is going to make them as “the most serious internal threat to India's national security” as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh cautioned on 2007, security alarms went off in India. Based on Indian intelligence reports Naxalites guerrillas are estimated at about 20,000 armed rebels and include 50,000 regular or fulltime organizers and mobilizers, with the numbers growing (5). Therefor Naxalites military operations made India’s security organisations ineffective in the last decade. This active movement was born faraway, in undeveloped and hard to live rural areas, mostly backward tribunal parts and it could be named as a movement for fundamental rights.
A part from some illegal movements, so many legal social movements is also mobilized by using the democracy capacity to follow their right. And some of them gathered around political party that shaped on exact social subjects. The best example in this regard is “Dalits backward society” that is the subject of some socio-political mechanism that strong political party (6) like BSP and SP appeared as rival for nation-wide political structure like INC in U.P, the most populated and very important state in India (culturally, religiously and politically).
India’s’ ambitious leaders although have been trying to take India forward economically, and they were successful during last decade, but it is inevitable that an industrialized economy would reduce employment rate, because India is going to become an industrialized country and industrialization means employing machine instead of human work force, and every utilized machine means replacing a machine by so many hand workers which the outcome of this process would be a disaster for a traditional India that is founded on the hands of worker’s power. Now Industrialized India does not have so many jobs for its big worker’s market, consequently India will face unemployment (7) which directly pointed its low classes.
Rural area are the biggest populated sectors in India’s economy that employ nearly 70% of this society, although it is engaging mostly in agrarian field as one of the big economic sectors, but lack of land for the workers forces this section to shows its evil face when India is faced with “free labour” phenomenon. A big community that just offers a small unsuitable place to live, and a miniscule amount of food, barely enough to keep them alive to work instead of their service by their landowners.
The pressure and heaviness of the works is on the weakened bodies of a big society that has no vision of improvement in the future, so no wonder that the media report many cases of suicide amongst this group of people every year.
Indian leaders consider China as their rival in Asia and in the international economy as well as military fields and they point to reach to this competitor’ economy developing rate. But it is clear at the time that China put its development base on producing goods and also services, India now cannot play as a goods producer like China and their economy is far from China. India is active in service sector more than goods production. It is also forecast able that India, by tasting high economic development rate, and as result of the enlargement of its middle classes members (8), their internal demand for consumption of goods and service is going to be more and more, so it will take more energy of their economy to response to the request for more goods and service by its high populated nation and would lead them to pay more attention to their internal market, therefor it will make India’s income of external trade less and reduce its development.
Furthermore, high number of India’s population will have a double side role in India’s future, on one hand it will provide a young force for taking India forward and on other hand it will play as obstacle for focusing on its problem and becomes as problem itself.
it is predictable that in future the world will be in the hands of China and India the two Asian regional power that nowadays with long distance from US economy are in the path of tasting high economic development rate, but it is under the question that how it will be possible when this two countries surrounded by so many internal and external problems. Especially India is faced with his social, economic, political, military transition from a traditional non-aligned member to a western ally at least in south Asia affairs. Now it seems that the west door is opening towards India to buy more and more arms and to be the first in the continent. The country that is neighboured by two strong nuclear armed forces and so many separatist internal groups and high rate of poverty and low rate income Indian by the index of GDP per capita and high rate of social crime like rapes case that shocked Indian society that show lack of social security for women in the traditional society that tasting transitional period to a kind of modernised one. The country that starts high cost build-up army procedure, that nobody can see an end for it. (9)
Course:
Social Structure of India
by: Dr. Heshmat Sadat Moinifar
Occasional paper on a film Review
By: Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi
M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
1392/2/5
نوشته شده در دوشنبه نهم اردیبهشت ۱۳۹۲ ساعت 9:43 شماره پست: 277
به اشتراک بگذارید
in the name of god the munificent the merciful
the paradigm of new liberalized india commenced to adopt a new policy and the shift from socio-economy into liberal economy. india by this act left its cold war paradigm behind and entered to a new paradigm. due to this revolutionary turn, indian policy makers decided to join global trend. in the new liberalism paradigm, the global actors as well as india have to follow the rules which dictated by the u.s hegemony. despite, india was one of the founders of the non-alignment movement (nam), since 1990s, they shifted to new liberalism politically and economically, so they will follow the further probable sanctions against iran. in the new paradigm there is incommensurability between iran and india, as iran hasn’t enter to the western attitude, thus iran and india cannot apprehend each other well in this regards. india’s entrance in new paradigm is still debatable because its progress as a western partner would be operative when the u.s commitments to india have done. therefore, the puzzle among iran and india would be solving if the u.s authority doesn’t show itself serious in this manner or the relationship between iran and america derail from the current situation. it is predicted that india will cooperate with western policy to impose further sanctions against iran till the anomaly remove.
course:
research methodologies and methods
by: dr. mohammad samiei
article by:
seyed mostafa mostafavi - hassan rezvani and amir hussin hassanzadeh - m.a students in indian studies
faculty of world studies - university of tehran
1392/1/19
+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه نوزدهم فروردین ۱۳۹۲ ساعت 12:2 شماره پست: 266
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contents
introduction
1- what is a secular system?
2- what dose secular system means?
3- history of secularism in india
4- meaning of secular government in india
5- secularism in india constitution
6- does secularism practically exists in india?
in the name of god the most compassion and the merciful
“i do not expect india of my dreams to develop one religion, i.e., to be wholly hindu or wholly christian or wholly mussulmen, but i want it to be wholly tolerant, with its religions working side by side with one another.”
"i swear by my religion, i will die for it. but it is my personal affair. the state has nothing to do with it. the state would look after your secular welfare, health, communications, foreign relations, currency and so on, but not your or my religion. that is everybody's personal concern" mahatma gandhi.
introduction:
necessity of secularism for a plural and diversified india is as important as lung for a live body. although indian constitution was sign up on secular lines but india made itself as paradise of different faiths in 1976, by a revision in its constitution and placing the word “secular” in it, and put the republic of india in a new shining paradigm, by choosing secular system that indian faiths were accepted, and indians were expected to tolerate all religions and religious and cultural pluralism were recognised by this act clearly and officially. long and bloodiest civil war among politicised religion’s followers during and after independent and possibility of continuously clash between different cultures in indian territories and diversity that exist there lead wise indian policy-makers to make india as paradise for any believe and any approach of religions by choosing secular system.
what is a secular system?
it is a wrong perspective to know a secular system as non-religion or anti-religion system. india is one of the most religious country in the world and in this political unit, religion and philosophy is descent to the living style level of indian people so secular approach to the governing part (as container of power), is irrespective to society’s religion affairs and considers religion as privet side of any members of its society’s life.
what dose secular system means?
the encyclopaedia of britannic defines secular as ‘non-spiritual, having no concern with religious or spiritual matters’. so a secular state is neither a godless state nor an irreligious state nor an anti-religious state. dr. bhimrao ramji ambedkar (1891-1956), the architect of the indian constitution said “secularism does not mean that we can abolish religion. it does take into consideration the religious sentiments of the people. all that a secular state means is that this parliament shall not be capable to impose any particular religious upon the people.”
history of secularism in india:
hinduism as faith of indian majority on the whole is in the favour of diversity and pluralism so millions of gods and goddess are accepted and welcomed in it and in somehow secularism is laying in its principals. it also has a strong tradition of freedom of integrity and tolerance of religious in its diversity. india as traditional society contains many traditions remaining their origin in part to the different religions that exist there. upanishads as old hindu scriptures speaks of “sarva dharma samabhava”, which means respect for all belief systems.
secularism in india, in somehow is a confronting with communalism, an anti-secular and minority movement that during and after independent made and prepare a two-polar society, that clashes among them take millions lives. although during the freedom struggle, secularism was emerging as the most dominant principle and the leaders of the “indian national congress party”, like sheri late mahatma gandhi, sheri late maulana abul kalam azad, sheri late jawaher lal nehru and others were deeply announced their believe and commitment to the ideal of secularism and secularism as word of the indian nation, who tired by partition and sectarian riots and above all terrorism that showed its dangerous face by assassination of mahatma gandhi, did not want any more combative talk. thus the secular principles got preserved into the indian constitution. under nehru and later his successors in the congress party, the concept of a secular nation-state was officially adopted as india's path to political modernity and national integration. unlike in the west, where secularism came mainly out of the conflict between the church and the state, secularism in india was conceived as a system that sustained religious and cultural pluralism.
in the post independent era, the process of secularisation was in very slow speed and although constitution and governing bodies were secular, but the infiltration of communal elements all corner of indian system; even in congress government that had many leaders in important positions that were influenced by a hindu communal ideology. late 70's and the early 80's, communalism got a strong boost and it started attacking secularism in a big way, the bjp and it supporters like vhp (vishwa hindu parishad) and rss began their eruption and even hindu ideological-based militant groups such as the “bajrang dal” and the “shivsena” come to exist to forcefully bring communal movement forward. now communal forces are gathered under an umbrella with the name of “hindutva” and confronting secularism by name it as a new mask of fundamentalism and equating fundamentalism with islam.
meaning of secular government in india:
the word secular suggests equality for all religions and religious tolerance and respect. india does not have an official state religion. every person has the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion they choose. the government must not favour or discriminate against any religion. it must treat all religions with equal respect. all citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs are equal in front of law. no religious teaching is imparted in government or government-aided schools. nevertheless, general information about all established world religions is imparted as part of the course in sociology, without giving any importance to any one religion or the others.
secularism in india meant equal respect for all religions and cultures and non-interference of religion in the government affairs. also, according to the indian constitution no discrimination will be made on the basis of caste, creed, gender and class. similarly all citizens of india irrespective of one’s religion, caste or gender have right to vote. all will enjoy same rights without any discrimination on any ground. therefore, the chief aspects of indian secularism are:
no state religion, separation of state and religion, peaceful co-existence of all religions, treatment of all religions equally by the state, equality of opportunity in the public field for all irrespective of caste or creed or race or religion ensuring equal citizenship, freedom of religion both individual and corporate
secularism in india constitution:
article 14: equality in front of law
article 15: prohibitions of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
article 16: equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
article 17: abolition of un-touch ability
article 25: all those who reside in india are free to confess, practice and propagate religion of one’s choice subject of course to social health and law and order. thus even conversion to any religion of one’s choice is a fundamental right. freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
article 26: freedom to mange religious affairs.
article 27: no person shall be obligated to pay taxes, the process of which is specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
article 28: (i) no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of state funds. (ii) nothing in clause (1) shall apply to any educational institution which is administered by the state but has been established under any endowment or trust which required that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution.
article 29: (1) any section of citizens residing in the territory of india having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have a right to conserve the same. (2) no citizen shall be denied admission to any educational institution maintained by the state or receiving aid out of state funds on grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
article 30: (1) all minorities, whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions to their choice. (2) the state shall not, in granting, aid to educational institutions, discriminate on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.
does secularism practically exists in india:
secular system is exists in india and its law especially is secular and the minority’s right is clearly mentioned and we can say india is perfect in this regard, but the problem is that the process of secularisation in india after independent is not complete tile now and anti-secular elements also active there and the threats to indian secularism are strong, something like politicisation of religion, casteism, communalism are three major enemy of secularism and all of them are strong now. indian secularism has three important characteristics, it is liberal (it not only ensures religious equality and liberty but also protects the rights of minorities). it is qualified, not absolute (religious freedom is subject to reasonable restrictions to preserve public order and health of the people). it is dynamic (the government may adopt necessary laws to achieve the goals of welfare state even if they violate the traditional principles).
course:
politic and governing in india
by: dr. mandana tesheyar
article by:
seyed mostafa mostafavi - m.a student in indian studies
faculty of world studies - universityof tehran
1392/1/18
+ نوشته شده در یکشنبه هجدهم فروردین ۱۳۹۲ ساعت 15:58 شماره پست: 265
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In the name of God the munificent the merciful
The Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)in somehowis focused on the structure or the agents that involve in a socio-political phenomenon as well as its cultural, situational, religion, political… contextto show hidden structure that dominate or control atmosphereof a text or speech, (or an act) as well as relations, thought… that are behind it to know and un cover a social player’s characters better. This method is also can be abused by a rival in political and media fields to show connections and causes which maybe are hiddenin public eyes of viewers or listeners previously.CDA is a method of research rather than a school of though and same as other methods there are no exact philosophy behind it and every CD.Analyser based on his concern and approach does his/her job. For example every CD.Analyser can bring a socio-political text (or speech) under an analysingscanner or microscopeit on his concern and studyitin all aspects of vocabulary, grammar and textual structures or dictate thoughtsand bring to surface the facts that are covered itself in the form of words...in it.
“Critical Discourse analysis: A letter to expatriates from the Rt. Hon. Sir Norman Fowler MP”
Andrew Atkins
Course:
Research Methodologies and Methods
by: Dr. Mohammad Samiei
Article by:
Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi - M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
1392/1/15
What is structure and agency? How does this framework help us in political analysis
+ نوشته شده در پنجشنبه پانزدهم فروردین ۱۳۹۲ ساعت 15:31 شماره پست: 262
In the name of God the munificent the merciful
Analysing Social-Political phenomenonas one of the most complex action in social science, is men concern, hence a methodological instrument which can help to answerto questions in this regard, is welcomed by experts.The“structure - agency”methodological philosophy by Giddenscan be observed as suitable tool to understanding of Social Science’s subjects. The main question is; are we (as human) governing structures or structures determinate our situation? The agency is strongly related to power and structures also define how power is divided between deferent agents and how camps of power effect on whole. The Structure - agency is a theory between extreme Individualism (as it emphasise and dominate on western thoughts) and Structuralism (as its mostly followed by left wing and some other structuralists) and although individualtheories argue that we are richer as human beings than structure’s approach theories and can predict more strongly, but structuralists deny that the human actor is the ultimate social reality, focussing instead on the situated human actor. Giddens approach considers both of them and he tries to bridge between this two, to analysis social phenomenon and in somehow finish the clash between them.Giddens theory rejects dualism of this two and sees them two sides of the same.
“What is structure and agency? How does this framework help us in political analysis”
Ben Aston
Course:
Research Methodologies and Methods
by: Dr. Mohammad Samiei
Article by:
Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi - M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
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به اشتراک بگذارید
The problem: A superpower India is a threat to the Persian Gulf countries?
The Political actor: Superpower India
The Institutions: SARC organisation – Persian Gulf Cooperation Council – UN – OPEC
Physical Environment: India – Persian Gulf – Pakistan – Iran – Iraq – Kuwait – Saudi Arabia – Bahrain – Qatar – USE – Oman Sea – Indian Ocean
Other political Actors: China – Russia – USA – Egypt – Israel- EU
Emerging Superpower India Estimation arise when some characters like world’s second population, long – high - continuous economic development rate with the guesses to be fourth world economy power by 2025, a developing military capacity and soft power like space technology, Atomic… were available.
A superpower is a self-stand and strong power with an own international policy and national interests… But now India cannot reach to this point when it lost its independent in international policy by signing “123” treaty with U.S.A in 2005. Thus India downgrades itself as second hand power and with this move it just evaluates as partner for US policy at last. Therefor increasing Indian interference in world process will consider as a part of India’s role in whole US policy toward others.
Superpower supposed to has an exact national and world interests but India based on “123” treaty committed to US to behave properly and the US Ministry of State should report India progress annually so as it is clear India a last will be an active ally for US.
But if India appears as independent superpower it will make some problem for Persian Gulf countries. India’s economy depends to Persian Gulf’s energy and market so same as US, India will impose its policies to them and will interfere in these countries internal affairs. Large amount of Indian who lives in these countries with addition of hard and soft Indian power’s capacity will help it in this regards.
As history also shows, Indian power appearance in this region will be as partner along with world power like US and its rivals like Pakistan and China will balance Indian role. Also Israel and Egypt will play their roles.
Course:
Research Methodologies and Methods
by: Dr. Mohammad Samiei
Article by:
Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi - M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
1391/12/19
+ نوشته شده در شنبه نوزدهم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 13:25 شماره پست: 256
به اشتراک بگذارید
India re-berthed when it changed in its investments policy act in 1990s and starts its new paradigm by taking this economic stop. Indian policy Makers with opening door to foreign and privet sector’s investment, made a revolutionary decision to opening India’s market to investment. It bring high rate of economic growing for India and son after, India tastes high growing economic rate and put itself among the world fastest in this regard after it.
Therefor a moving forward is shown its brightness rays for this semi-poor country that indicate better future for them. Moving from traditionalism to modernism, from poverty to development… characterise a transitional movement for Indian society but you can see now, sadness for poors and cheerfulness for riches… are together available there.
Foreign investment and privatizing economy and joining to world’s free market bloc, although it bring so many job opportunities and growing rate for them, but internally the distance between majority poor and the minority rich is became very vast and dangerously big and big, so some experts predict a clash between Indian poor and rich class in future gradually, when they became full awareness that most of Indian economic revenue goes to some peoples pocket directly and make them poor and poor.
Some nation-wide private companies like Godrige, kingfisher, Mahindra, TCI… came to exist and today they covered Indian market and they aiming international market also as next step and India is going to back to its glorious period when in seventh century was a hub for world trading.
Apart of Indian poor and rich community, a growing middle class community have been emerged since new paradigm starts. Most of them live in urban area and they feel a kind of satisfaction with receiving good life standard in between. Most of them are involving in governmental, service, education and industrial sectors. Using suitable accommodation, commute service, education and entertainment that they enjoy of it during a city style of life is a main character for their life. Another character of middle class is a family style that involves mother and father and two children. They work all the day and enjoy night club at night.
Take technology as servant to lift society upward, English language as helper to joint to English speaking developed countries by an English Speaker Middle Class, help Indian economy to improve itself well.
But this is a fact that Indian economy nowadays is in the hand of big companies owners that make a privatized club with its limited billionaire’s members. Although Indian service and industrial sectors had been tested a big growing rate in its GDP, but agricultural sector is mobilizing a big rate of Indian society now and near 67% of Indian population live in rural area and most of them are active in agriculture sector.
The most awful face of Indian economic system was shown its ugly face in Agrarian sector in 2007 when about 12000 agricultural engaged people, who committed to suicide to escape from their endless problems. A hopeless and helpless people that cannot find any escape opening from the situation that they trapped in. they are going to lose all their properties because of the loans that they took from the bank system and now possibility of return it back is zero. Land less people is another problem for a large number of the people who live in rural India when agricultural land is the single most important resource and form of property and it is not equally distributed among people.
Growing India economy found itself wake and its problems came to surface when the Persian Gulf War was happened and need to this region’s energy resources that affected by war and made it very expensive, lead India to find new energy resources in some new area like Russia and African territories, now Indian oil companies are looking to give variety to Indian energy resource.
Opening Indian door to overseer’s capital and its direct and indirect investment and also Indian activity to occupy international market in the shape of “call centres” as cheap service provider for developed countries like US and production of software for big international companies like Google and Yahoo… give Indian an opportunity to bring outsources money to inside, an amount of billions dollars that will help Indian economy to invest in software and became one of the a biggest software producer in the world. Now Bangalore and Hyderabad in south of India is very famous for these kind of activity in the world.
India is one of the important Cotton producer in the world now try to use this ability to change it to a usable good like cloths and became as cotton-cloths exporter to importer countries. Although India For centuries was a major manufacturer and exporter of hand-made cloth, cotton based and silk but long colonial system changed their production style and reduce Indian role in this regard but colonial system open European market to Indian products and now European are very familiar to Indian goods and it is the base for occupying European market by Indian.
The link between Indian big companies with their counterpart in developed countries is bringing big contracts for them and also a new market and high technology for them. So any big economy or industrial player in India has looking a partner in developed countries like the link between Indian TATA Company and US industries.
But all growing rates in Indian economy and it liberalized economy don’t solve all the problems and now it suffering from unemployment, poverty, low standard of living, illiteracy, corruption, separation movements, terrorism, crime, social problems… in economic sectors this liberalizing make so many problem for them.
Unemployment among educated class as the film highlighted in the life of Miss Sima Malik a Kolkata’s girl that has Bachelor of Commerce degree with 3$ salary per a day and addition of so many social problems that took her marriage opportunities. This in a problem in a big city like Kolkata that working and living there is a hope for a lot of Indian and you can imagine what is going on in about 600000 Indian villages for some girls like sima who suffer more problems.
But you can see the ray of hope in the eyes of the Indian child who loves mathematic subjects and he hope to be a pilot in future in this films, a boy who suffer to have an addiction drinker father. Indian work a lot to change their situation and their noble leader class and civil service governmental class use all their efforts to gain high rate of growing and industrialize their country and take help from technology to improve and mobilize their people’s potential. So India evaluated as moving forward country that suffer big problem. The challenges that invite the Indian policy makers to a hard battlefield that nobody knows what will happened in future.
Course:
Social Structure of India
by: Dr. Heshmat Sadat Moinifar
Occasional paper on a film Review
By: Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi
M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
Separation Movement In India جدایی طلبی در هند
+ نوشته شده در یکشنبه سیزدهم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 16:11 شماره پست: 254
In the name of God the most compassion and the merciful
Introduction:
Though India emerged as regional power in Asia and now in the world, but Indian Separation movements makes the biggest democracy in the world as unstable unit during last six decades and its ethnical, religion or cultural minorities groups support separation movements that impact the sovereignty of India. these show its hard face during & after India independence of British rule in 1947, when two big Muslim populated lands (today are known as Pakistan and Bangladesh) were separated from it, But it didn’t finish and others separation movement were starting their effort and some of them are going on till now.
Apart of two main external threats, Separationists issue is the most challenge and trouble-maker for Indian leaders for last six decades. India’s national security is affected and threated by this huge problem. In this field India’s internal and external side is very close to each other’s [1]. India is facing with two big and active outsider players like China and Pakistan that, its internal security in somehow related to them relatively.
But it is clear that Separation movement most of the time is related to a minority’s feeling of no satisfaction among a majority, its excuses are rooted in feeling of discrimination in the field of cultural, ethnical, religious, political, economic.... Their goal is in the form of demanding full political separation, seeking greater autonomy, independence, self-determination, partition…
Maoists separation movement:
Naxalites separation movement is vast movement that separated in a large number of Indian states. The Naxalites (Maoists) are the vast variety of left-wing militancy groups who are active in the region named "Red Corridor" the stretched area from West Bengal state in North East to Karnataka state in the South West. They are active across 220 districts out of 655 in two third of Indian states (20 out of 30). They are occupied or affected about 40% of India’s territories by their operation. Growing Naxalites operations in major urban centres, including New Delhi and other major cities as well as rural area especially, year by year, is going to make them as “the most serious internal threat to India's national security” as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh cautioned it in 2007, alarm security belles in India. Based on Indian intelligence reports Naxalites guerrillas are estimated 20,000 armed rebels and include 50,000 regular or fulltime organizers and mobilizers, with the numbers growing. Therefor Naxalites military operations make India’s securities organisation out of effective reaction for last one decade.
Seven Sisters separation movement:
The “Seven Sisters” are including Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. These states are located on the edge of north eastern of Indian borders. These peoples have meaningful different in field of ethnical and linguistically from the rest of Indian. A large number of armed groups are active there and some of them seek separate states, some fighting for autonomy and others demanding complete independence.
Assam
Assam separation movement looking for ‘’Bodoland’’ state, its military wing are ‘’United Liberation Front of Assam’’ (ULFA) and ‘’Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam’’ and ‘’National Democratic Front of Bodoland’’ Assam is one of important state in this regard that its militancy activation is back long time ago, it separation eruption at the time of prime ministerial of late Indira Gandhi was show it hard face when ULFA start its movement. ULFA has been in the forefront of a liberation struggle since 1979. Although ULFA is the main but two dozen other militant groups also were active there, some report says that over 10,000 people have lost their lives and thousand have been displaced during the last 25 years.
Meghalaya
The divide between the tribal and non-tribal settlers is the cause of the trouble in Meghalaya. Like other states in the region there is a demand for independence along tribal lines. The Achik National Volunteer Council has followed since 1995 the formation of an Achik Land in the Caro Hills, whereas the Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council seeks to free the state from Garo domination.
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh separation movement that seeking establish of the pre-British ‘’Teola country’’, that would include area currently in Arunachal Pradesh as well as neighbouring Assam. the group that politically is active in this regard is ‘’ All Hajong Chakma Homeland Movement’’ and its military group is ‘’Arunachal Dragon Force’’ that is a forceful secessionist movement fighting to fund autonomous area of ‘’Hajong Chakma Homeland’’.
Mizoram
Mizoram separation movement that Proposed state of ‘’Zozam’’ the groups like ‘’Zomi Revolutionary Organization’’ and ‘’Mizoram Farmers Liberation Force’’ are active in this way. Mizoram's tensions have arisen largely due to the Assamese domination and the neglect of the Mizo people by India. In 1986, the main secessionist movement led by the Mizo National Front ended after a peace accord, bringing peace to the region. However, secessionist demands by some groups continue to insist on an independent Hmar State.
Nagaland
Nagaland separation movement is fighting for establishing of ‘’Nagalim’’ or ‘’People's Republic of Nagaland’’. In this regard they have a Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland in exile ‘’National Socialist Council of Nagaland’’ as an active militant group can name in this respect. Nagaland was created in 1963 as 16th state of Indian Union by parts it from Assam. It separation movement is one of the oldest in India since 1947 and it demanding full independence. This area is occupied by a variety of tribes, ethnicities, cultures and religion. Around 400 tribes or sub tribes leaves there and most of them seeking a separate homeland. The area is rich in oil reserves worth billions dollers. Thousands have died since the insurgency began.
Manipur
Manipur separation movement that targets establishing of ‘’Republic of Manipur’’ the militant groups that are active in this regard are ‘’ Hmar People's Convention–Democrat’’ and ‘’Manipur People’s Liberation Front’’ and ‘’United National Liberation Front’’ and ‘’Revolutionary People's Front of Manipur’’ and ‘’People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak’’. Independence Manipur has been actively followed by several rebel groups since 1964. Many socialist groups are active there and people’s participation in this field is high.
Tripura
The ethnic tensions and also the Bengali immigrants matter after the 1971 war from one side and unattached culture of this region’s people with Indian side and building of a fence by the government along the Bangladesh border that led to a rebellion in the 1970s… make very harsh living conditions for thousands of homeless refugees there. The National Liberation Front of Tripura and the All Tripura Tiger Force demand kicking out of Bengali speaking immigrants.
Tamil Nadu separation movements:
Tamils separation movement is trying to establish a Tamil populated country. Liberation Tamil Tiger Eelam (LTTE) ‘s movement that was backed by Indian side for Tamil freedom in Sri Lanka took access to Indian side that have common ethnicity, religion, language and culture And attracted mass support for their foundation. By developing of anti-India and pro-secessionist sentiment in Tamil Nadu at India side, independence movement raised. Tamil see that a part from a common religion (Hinduism), they have nothing common with the centre. So they said if Nepal can have an independent existence as a Hindu state next to India why Tamil Nadu cannot?
Sikhes’s separation movement:
Punjab separation movement as one of the big fights in the north of India near disputed Kashmir area, Proposed funding state of ‘’Khalistan’’ a country for Sikhs people, that point Punjab state in India and Pakistan, one of the most developed and riche state in the agricultural, industry and culture. The Sikh community as influential community has had long struggle against the Hindu domination. they feel that they betrayal by the central government at the time of partition in 1947 and India’s promise for their autonomy was put away after independent of India. So at Indira Gandhi prime mistrial, it came to be a military clash between the Sikh militant groups and central government and ultimately war came to the Golden Temple, in 1981, where an estimated 3000 people, including a large number of pilgrims, died. This pick war was ended in a military victory but a political disaster for Indira Gandhi. Soon afterwards in 1984, she was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards and this in turn led to a general massacre of the Sikhs across India. Although the situation has returned to normal, the Sikh community has not forgiven the Hindus for this violation and tensions continue. The demand for Khalistan is still alive and about 17 movements for a separate Sikh state remain active.
Kashmir separation movement:
Kashmir Separation movement is seeking Independent Kashmir state or attending to Pakistan. In this movement two kind of Political and military organisations are involve. ‘’All Parties Hurriyat Conference’’, ‘’Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)’’… as political and ‘’Harkat-ul-mujahideen’’, ‘’Jaish-e-Mohammad’’, ‘’Lashkar-e-Toiba’’… as military group. The Kashmir issue is return to the time of separation India and Pakistan and for more than six decades, it is going to be alive and it passed several phases. It arose when India occupied of predominantly Muslim state forcibly against the wishes of its people and in ruin of the principle of partition of British India. A struggle for independence the valley of Kashmir has been started since then and hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives or disappeared and international efforts and The resolutions of the UN Security Council that have called for demilitarization of the valley and holding of referendum to determine the will of the people don’t work, so the issue is continuing till now.
Andrea pradesh separation movement:
Andréa Pradesh Separation movement Muslim populated area had tried to have a Muslim country like Pakistan in south of India but it became control by India after its start but no based on some others factor, Andrea’s people fighting for separation state of Telangana.
Conclution:
Several internal war that India was facing all corner of its territories after independent, and following Killing of large number of its people, destroyed its friendly face among other nation fairly, and now with the rising of India military power its neighbours are showing India phobia and internally some say that India is at war with itself [2]. This situation seriously threaten India’ stability and has bad effect on its democracy. But the most dangerous scenario will be the clash of poor and rich that estimation of its happening is guesstimate. Even though India over came on some internal problem like Khalistan movement but some others are going to be more stronger like Naxalites movement and the potential of re-eruption of some is very high So as it clear India has been faced with so money internal challenges that it should be add to some new challenge that estimation of its happening is high, like clash of rich and poor classes and adding not sufficient unification among Indian as one nation and also interfere of outside hand like US, can put India on turmoil in future.
India hard response to the minorities that are include in separations movement that is shows itself in the face of giving un-limited power backed by law to its security-military forces that involve in affected area, and cruel action by them toward innocent and common people like killing them and rap their women… in somehow encourage minority to follow their goal strongly resent case in Kashmir is good example for it. Doing any things in the name of combating terrorism have very bad effect on minority viewpoint toward India government.
Reference:
1- ‘’There was little distinction between internal security and external security and identified the internal security challenges as having ‘some roots outside India and (is) linked to what happens outside the country’’ Indian Finance Minister (former home minister) , Shri P. Chidambaram on February 6, 2013 - http://www.idsa.in/keyspeeches/IndiasNationalSecurityChallengesandPrioritie
2- Suhas Chakma, Director of the Asian Centre for Human Rights in New Delhi
3- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Nadu
4- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India
5- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession
7- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir
8- http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100110/International/int_01.html
9- http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4359549
10- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front_(Yasin_Malik)
11- http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/129734-fight-against-terror-must-co-exist-with-federalism.html
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA
Course:
Politic and Governing in India
by: Dr. Mandana Tesheyar
Article by : Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi
M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
1391/12/13
+ نوشته شده در شنبه نوزدهم اسفند ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 13:15 شماره پست: 255
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Democracy What is
“Democracy is a government of the people, for the people, by the people.”[1]
long-time men kind experience finds Democracy as best way to rule the societies, so approach to this way of ruling system is going to be domain in the world and nowadays spectrum of dictatorship ruling systems from one side and semi-real democracy [2] on the other side accept and recognize democracy as excellent and the good valuable way of ruling and so they name himself democrat and their systems democratic. But the first question is what democracy is?
Democracy is a system of ruling, that people’s wills are at the core and centre of any decision making and all the decision are taken by people’s representatives who directly or non-directly chosen by the people via a democratic elections. Democracy is a system of governing and also a social philosophy [3] that every member of society has equalled right in society’s resource, opportunities, decision-making (about economic-political-social). This system provides a situation that some elected representatives of society in the behalf of rest, rule society for exact duration of time. Law has a very major and significant rule to regulate all aspects of individual and general process. All eligible citizens have a share to interfere directly (in the shape of referendum) and indirectly (by elect their representative) in the law making also. Self-determination reflects as vast and fundamental right for every member of society regardless of their class, gender, ethnic, religion… and bases on this conception other rules and laws are come to exist and practise. In other word, democracy means peoples rule, and in this respect is against Monarchy (dictatorship of one person, elites or majority) or oligarchy (dictatorship of a small group). In this school of thought, Power is consider as corrupt-maker and human with this way of ruling wants to control it, and lead it in the sorts of mechanism that power will divide in between some society’s representatives with a classified duties and also responsibilities. These society’s representatives appointed in determinate-duration that it can be extendable or fishable. So Democracy is one of a common outcome of long time humankind experience and life. They find it the most useful and effective in humankind salvation seeking in world’s human interaction mechanism till now.
As result democracy is a common accepted concept of so many political approaches, and we see democracy as common part of deferent kind of world political school of thought, like liberal democracy, social democracy, constitutional monarchy democracy, religion base democracy… so we can see democracy in deferent kind in deferent levels and also deferent definitions of democracy is available, but with some common foundations defined. Although Democracy has some weak and strong point that One of them is possibility of “Majority dictatorship” against “minority” that if the “check and balance system” that offer by Mr Montesquieu working well these can be solve comparatively also.
“Why India is calls as begets democracy in the world?”
First of all we can say that with this image-making and evaluation, the world recognises India as democracy system and it is relatively true, because most of the necessary elements that need for a democratic system is available there to show India democratic.
Some factors like local, state and national changeable government by cast of people vote and elections, recognized multi parties system, suitable ruling structure, elected parliament’s members, strong and semi-freedom and verified mass media, Law and semi-Lawful process, independent judiciary system, levelled democratic layers from top to down level of society, defined limitation and framework of every posts in state and federal and local duties and their responsibility, capacity of changing and handing over power peacefully during the time, recognized lawful democratic action like right of demonstrate and street march by people by law and in practice, recognized right of having social and political syndicate and groups by law and in practice…
So world can see duration of practice democracy in India with the diversity of nations, casts, religions, cultures, ethnics, in somehow history also… and any excuse like war, riot, and powerful overseas and regional enemies don’t had a meaningful effect in this regards and didn’t stop democracy process there, and relatively majority and minority have exact right there. This semi-poor nation doesn’t put election practice away because of it costly process in the vast and in somehow unreachable area, so we can see that although the last general election in 2009 costs more than USA presidential election near one billion dollars for example, They didn’t stop their democracy process and they had repeated these costly elections till now perfectly.
Although long India National Congress (INC) ruling over this country maybe says that, it has experienced one-party dominion system before and after independent, but it had and has large number of small and big local and national parties. India is known as multi parties, parliamentary, federal and social democracy. Indian people directly choose their representative in Panchayat [4] and Municipal elections in local level and state level and also national parliament. So Indian have direct role in choosing their society runner in local and national level and a kind of effective and relatively democratic way of ruling is going on in this country.
Indian’s toleration is as an example in the world. In political performance level it can tolerate a foreigner ruler over a biggest and old parry so now Miss Sonia Gandhi [5] as an Italian women can takes ruling INC as well as ruling coalition of political parties called the “United Progressive Alliance” (UPA), was able to gain a majority and forms the government.
India has 35 states and territories that at its local, state and national level, power is divided between local, state and national parties so you cannot find any moment in the more than 60 years after India independent’s history that power in all level gathered in the hand of one party, so every time, also small parties find opportunity to have a share in power, somewhere in local or national level and based on their representation in parliaments can take share in power. So Indian democracy make and prepare appropriate opportunity for independent persons, local and national parties members as well as two big parties like BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and INC nominee members to show their weight in any levels to taste democracy capacities.
India’s democracy have a capacity to tolerate a big and all India level anti-corruption movement that one person mobilize it to force prime minister of India and Indian national parliament at the end of day to take action towered corruption by pass a Law. Mr Anna Hazare’s [6] resent movement is a good example in this regard.
India considers as biggest democracy in the world, because of two reasons in one hand India is known as second must populated country in the world after China and so because China has no democracy foundation so India will be the most populated democratic country in the world. Secondly India is seventh biggest country in the world (with 3,166,414 KM2 after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia) so in this regard also is one of the tenth biggest in the world. So in time of elections vast number of people comes to cast their vote in the one of the world most costly election that this poor people pay it to safeguard their right.
India’s symbolic and practical Icons of democracy are its parliaments that’s name it “Lok Sabha” as the "House of the People" or the lower house, that it has 545 members, Most of them are elect by people’s direct vote. Upper house or “Rajya Sabha” known as "Council of States”, that can have a maximum of 250 members. And “Vidhan Sabha” as state legislatures, and based on people willing the government can change at least every 5 years. Indian can cast their vote toward three kinds of candidates, A) candidates that belong to main two-parties (BJP or INC) B) candidates that come to election under the flag of local parties C) independents candidates.
And although there are many critical problems that need to be solved in the India democracy performance, but we can elaborate India as marching ahead and progressive democratic country.
References:
1- Abraham Lincoln quotes
2- Pure democracy with all of its characters is not available in the world
3- Foundations of Political science page 297
4- Local self-governments at the village or small town level in India. The gram panchayat is the foundation of the Panchayat System.
5- Miss Sonia Gandhi born Edvige Antonia Albina Maino, on 9 December 1946 is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to the Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress. Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party.
6- Kisan Baburao Hazare born on 15 June 1937, is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish official corruption. In addition to organizing and encouraging grassroots movements, Hazare frequently conducted hunger strikes to further his causes—a tactic reminiscent, to many, of the work of Mohandas K. Gandhi.
Course:
Politic and Governing in India
by: Dr. Mandana Tesheyar
Article by : Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi
M.A Student in Indian Studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
1391/12/5
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In the name of God the most compassion and the merciful
Introduction:
Political structure is considered as one of the most significant part of any social construction. We can say in developed societies Political structure gives direction to social path and it shows their developing level among the others. In first look every nation is evaluated with this factor, that which kind of political arrangement they provide for himself and how they are ruling or how their moving forward is. In my opinion there is a direct relation between political structure and social salvation. I mean the nations who suffering bad political structure they experience worse condition in most aspects of their life. As result, political structure is determining now and future condition of any social living and their successfulness is depending on their political structure and its working process.
1- What is politic?
Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions, the art or science of running governmental or state affairs. It also refers to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in other group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power and refers to the regulation of public affairs within a political unit, and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy. [1] 2- What is political structure? Political structure refers to institutions or groups and their relations to each other, their patterns of interaction within political systems and to political regulations, laws and the norms present in political systems in such a way that they constitute the political landscape of the political entity. In the social domain its counterpart is Social structure. [2]
3- How Indian involve in politics:
Indian people involve in politic by own decision and their involvement will be possible when they inter in one of political unit like a political party. It has a formal process that starts with a formal request in the shape of fill in a membership form and after clearance and acceptation it continues by paying membership fee.
4- Indian political structures:
India as political unit is shapes by two kind of political institutions: a) governmental units b) non – governmental units
5- Indian political structures (Geographically):
India geographically divided to 30 states [3] and six independent territories [4] that rule by a Federal government at the centre and local governments in states.
6- Indian political structures (Governmentally):
India as federal, parliamentary, secular, democratic, social, multiparty, constitutional republic system has three level of governments, central and state governments and local that is the third level of government separately from central and state governments. It contains of panchayats in rural and municipalities in urban areas. These people representatives are electing directly or indirectly by the Indian people. The central government is runs by prime minister [5] now is Mr Manmohan Singh that appointed by lower house or the Parliament of India (लोक सभा Lōk Sabhā). The central cabinet including 53 Ministers is appointed by prime minister and approved by lok sabha. Prime minister is responsible to lok sabha. They enjoy states governments and in every state they have a state government that runs by a Chief minster [6]. Chief Minister appointed by state parliament or the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha विधान सभा). The States Chief Ministers are responsible to their state Legislative Assembly and state’s cabinet is choosing by Chief Ministers and also approved by their state Legislative Assembly. Apart of government, India has a president (भारत के राष्ट्रपति) [7] also, that she/he is head of India as Nation-state and formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The president is nominate by central government and selected by Indian parliament (Lōk Sabhā + rajya sabha + Vidhan Sabha) and she/he is the first official and constitutional person in India. The president has a governor [6] in every state. Vice President is another important post in Indian political system that is Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States or राज्य सभा). The Vice-President is chosen by a direct vote of all elected members of the lower and upper house collectively. Rajya Sabha or upper house has 250 members and every 2 years 1/3 of the total members are electing for 6 years term. Now Mr Mohammad Hamid Ansari [8] is the Vice president of India. Now central government is leading by UPA (United Progressive Alliance) with the heading of INC (India National Congress Party). UPA is heading by Miss Sonya Gandhi (INC leader) and the opposition is leading by NDA (National Democratic Alliance) alliance is leading by BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party).
7- Indian political structures (Non-Governmental units):
Election factor is the main motivation for political groups to come and emerge in political stages that is take place in three level of general election at country level for lok sabha (people’s house) and state’s level for Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) or local level in Panchyats [9] elections in village or municipals in cities. So as it clears power is divided and levelled from small societies to high level at central government. Indian Political structure defined a suitable system based on social, democratic, federal, secular, pluralism values. It provided huge participant of his citizen in this sharing power at all level. Indian people can choose their leader from top to down directly or indirectly. There are a lot of non-governmental unit in India that involve in political process and they facilitate people’s political practice. Political parties that include a variety of national, states, regional, local parties… are available there and they play big role in this regards. India as multi-party system at the same time also enjoy two polar party system and the domination of INC and BJP in political battle field with the help of other parties is going on and now is show itself in the shape of coalitions.
Now India has six national parties like: [10]
1-India national Congress (INC) 2- Bharatiya Janata Partty (BJP) 3- Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 4- Communist Party of India (Marxist) 5- Communist Party of India (CPI) 6- Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) Election Commission of India has registered 408 political parties [11] that some of them known as state parties [12]. Apart of vast variety of Indian political parties, large numbers of NGOs, Syndicates, Organisations, Students unions, Social groups also are active in large scale of subjects and fields.
Conclusion:
Political Structure is considering as one of the most important factor for evaluation every nation’s social development now. Indian political system is one of the developed political systems in the world. India recognized as biggest democracy in the world and in this regard it has respected and admired by so many world’s leaders. This system is work properly and now some Indian political system like election process and structures is suggested for other counters and the latest one is Egypt that after Mubarak election is suggested to be practical by the help of Indian system.
Reference:
1- http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/politic
2- http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/political+structure
3- 1- Andhra Pradesh 2- Arunachal Pradesh 3– Assam 4– Bihar 5– Chhattisgarh 6- Delhi 7– Goa 8- Gujarat 9- Haryana 10- Himachal Pradesh 11- Jammu & Kashmir 12- Jharkhand 13- Karnataka 14- Kerala 15- Madhya Pradesh 16- Maharashtra 17– Manipur 18– Meghalaya 19– Mizoram 20– Nagaland 21– Orissa 22– Punjab 23–Rajasthan 24– Sikkim 25- Tamil Nadu 26– Tripura 27– Uttarakhand 29- Uttar Pradesh 30- West Bengal
4- 1- Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2- Chandigarh 3- Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4- Daman and Diu 5– Lakshadweep 6– Puducherry
5- Mr Manmohan Singh is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. A renowned economist, he is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term, and the first Sikh to hold the office. Born: September 26, 1932 (age 80) in Gah. Height: 5' 9" (1.75 m). Spouse: Gursharan Kaur (m. 1958). Education: St John's College, Cambridge (1956 – 1957), Children: Amrit Singh, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh
Social Structure of India
Course by: Dr. Heshmat Sadat Moinifar
Article by : Seyed Mostafa Mostafavi
M.A Student in : Indian studies
Faculty of world studies - University of Tehran
+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه سی ام بهمن ۱۳۹۱ ساعت 11:46 شماره پست: 248
}
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Positivism is a school of thought or an especial way of looking to the world’s phenomenon. It is also a kind of philosophy that comes to emerge when western was tiered of metaphysics philosophies, so they try to release itself from unscientific process in sciences. At this time some western scientists try to find a touchable, reliable and trust able answer to their scientific questions.
But the question is, what is positive? a look in dictionaries for finding a meaning for this term show that a core subject is emphasizes on is “displaying certainty, acceptance, or affirmation” or “Admitting of no doubt; irrefutable” or “Very sure; confident” or “practical rather than theoretical matters” or “the presence of particular qualities or attributes; real” [1] so as you see the follower of this school of thought looking for a way to put science away from uncertainty in scientific results and research method. Experimentalism is one of the outcomes of this approach.
Logical positivism is against idealism and metaphysics. It tries to find a path to establish a stand able foundation. They believe that only scientific, experimental, repeatable facts can be trust and Theories or some concepts cannot consider as scientific truths or facts. Logical and scientific experience is emphasized and they believe that verifying is possible in experimental way merely. Positivism separate science and Metaphysics and it categorized them separately.
Logical positivists divided knowledge into analytic and synthetic categories. Analytic knowledge, such as mathematical theorems, is repetitive and thus can be validated a prior. Synthetic knowledge, such as assertions about the real world, must be verified a posterior by observation [2]
Verifiability and excremental observation and re-searchable mater will be seen the same in natural and social science. In both field it should process the same and knowledge is the outcome of empirical, verifiable facts and nothing else.
Human experience is reliable when browse itself in the shape of sense experimental form that can be verify in logic ways.
The critic that is exists at this time is the rejecting of human philosophical heritage and outcome and limits science to just verifiable mater.
Reference:
1- http://www.answers.com/topic/positive#ixzz2K0JnKu4J
2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism
3- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625287/what-do-you-know-about-logical-positivism-and-its- background.html
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Why India considers as biggest democracy
[۱] “Democracy is a government of the people, for the people, by the people”
This is a fact that long time men kind experience finds Democracy as best way to rule the societies, so approach to this way of ruling system is going to be domain in the world and nowadays spectrum of dictatorship ruling systems from one side and semi-real democracy [2] on the other side accept and recognize democracy as excellent and the good valuable way of ruling and so name himself democrat and their systems democratic. But the first question is what democracy is?
Democracy is a system of governing and also a social philosophy [3] that every member of society has equalled right in society’s resource, opportunities, decision-making (about economic-political-social). This system provides a situation that some elected representatives of society in the behalf of rest, rule society for exact duration of time. Law has a very major and significant rule to regulate all aspects of individual and general process. All eligible citizens have a share to interfere directly (in the shape of referendum) and indirectly (by elect their representative) in the law making also. Self-determination reflects as vast and fundamental right for every member of society regardless of their class, gender, ethnic, religion… and bases on this conception other rules and laws are come to exist and practise. In other word, democracy means peoples rule, and in this respect is against Monarchy (dictatorship of one person, elites or majority) or oligarchy (dictatorship of a small group). In this school of thought, Power is consider as corrupt-maker and human with this way of ruling wants to control it, and lead it in the sorts of mechanism that power will divide in between some society’s representatives with a classified duties and also responsibilities. These society’s representatives appointed in determinate-duration that it can be extendable or fishable. So Democracy is one of a common outcome of long time humankind experience and life. They find it the most useful and effective in humankind salvation seeking in world’s human interaction mechanism till now.
As result democracy is a common accepted concept of so many political approaches, and we see democracy as common part of deferent kind of world political school of thought, like liberal democracy, social democracy, constitutional monarchy democracy, religion base democracy… so we can see democracy in deferent kind in deferent levels and also deferent definitions of democracy is available, but with some common foundations defined. Although Democracy has some weak and strong point that One of them is possibility of “Majority dictatorship” against “minority” that if the “check and balance system” that offer by Mr Montesquieu working well these can be solve comparatively also.
With this preface now I want to answer to this question that:
“Why India is calls as begets democracy in the world?”
First of all we can say that with this image-making and evaluation, the world recognises India as democracy system and it is relatively true, because most of the necessary elements that need for a democratic system is available there to show India democratic.
Some factors like local, state and national changeable government by cast of people vote and elections, recognized multi parties system, suitable ruling structure, elected parliament’s members, strong and semi-freedom and verified mass media, Low and semi-Lawful process, independent judiciary system, levelled democratic layers from top to down level of society, defined limitation and framework of every posts in state and federal and local duties and their responsibility, capacity of changing and handing over power peacefully during the time, recognized lawful democratic action like right of demonstrate and street march by people by law and in practice, recognized right of having social and political syndicate and groups by law and in practice…
So world can see duration of practice democracy in India with the diversity of nations, casts, religions, cultures, ethnics, in somehow history also… and any excuse like war, riot, and powerful overseas and regional enemies don’t had a meaningful effect in this regards and didn’t stop democracy process there, and relatively majority and minority have exact right there. This semi-poor nation doesn’t put election practice away because of it costly process in the vast and in somehow unreachable area, so we can see that although the last general election in 2009 costs more than USA presidential election near one billion dollars for example, They didn’t stop their democracy process and they had repeated these costly elections till now perfectly.
Although long India National Congress (INC) ruling over this country maybe says that, it has experienced one-party dominion system before and after independent, but it had and has large number of small and big local and national parties. India is known as multi parties, parliamentary, federal and social democracy. Indian people directly choose their representative in Panchaya [4] t and Municipal elections in local level and state level and also national parliament. So Indian have direct role in choosing their society runner in local and national level and a kind of effective and relatively democratic way of ruling is going on in this country.
Indian’s toleration is as an example in the world. In political performance level it can tolerate a foreigner ruler over a biggest and old parry so now Miss Sonia Gandhi [5] as an Italian women can takes ruling INC as well as ruling coalition of political parties called the “United Progressive Alliance” (UPA), was able to gain a majority and forms the government.
India has 35 states and territories that at its local, state and national level, power is divided between local, state and national parties so you cannot find any moment in the more than 60 years after India independent’s history that power in all level gathered in the hand of one party, so every time, also small parties find opportunity to have a share in power, somewhere in local or national level and based on their representation in parliaments can take share in power. So Indian democracy make and prepare appropriate opportunity for independent persons, local and national parties members as well as two big parties like BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and INC nominee members to show their weight in any levels to taste democracy capacities.
India’s democracy have a capacity to tolerate a big and all India level anti-corruption movement that one person mobilize it to force prime minister of India and Indian national parliament at the end of day to take action towered corruption by pass a Law. Mr Anna Hazare’s [6] resent movement is a good example in this regard.
India considers as biggest democracy in the world, because of two reasons in one hand India is known as second must populated country in the world after China and so because China has no democracy foundation so India will be the most populated democratic country in the world. Secondly India is seventh biggest country in the world (with 3,166,414 KM2 after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia) so in this regard also is one of the tenth biggest in the world. So in time of elections vast number of people comes to cast their vote in the one of the world most costly election that this poor people pay it to safeguard their right.
India’s symbolic and practical Icons of democracy are its parliaments that’s name it “Lok Sabha” as the "House of the People" or the lower house, that it has 545 members, Most of them are elect by people’s direct vote. Upper house or “Rajya Sabha” known as "Council of States”, that can have a maximum of 250 members. And “Vidhan Sabhas” as state legislatures, and based on people willing the government can change at least every 5 years. Indian can cast their vote toward three kinds of candidates, A) candidates that belong to main two-parties (BJP or INC) B) candidates that come to election under the flag of local parties C) independents candidates.
And although there are many critical problems that need to be solved in the India democracy performance, but we can elaborate India as marching ahead and progressive democratic country.
References:
1- Abraham Lincoln quotes
2- Pure democracy with all of its characters is not available in the world
3- Foundations of Political science page 297
4- Local self-governments at the village or small town level in India. The gram panchayat is the foundation of the Panchayat System.
5- Miss Sonia Gandhi born Edvige Antonia Albina Maino, on 9 December 1946 is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to the Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress. Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party.
6- Kisan Baburao Hazare born on 15 June 1937, is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish official corruption. In addition to organizing and encouraging grassroots movements, Hazare frequently conducted hunger strikes to further his causes—a tactic reminiscent, to many, of the work of Mohandas K. Gandhi.
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